Space-time coding/decoding method for a dual-antenna pulse uwb communication system

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to a space-time coding method for a UWB transmission system comprising two radiation elements. This method codes a block of information symbols (S=(a 1 ,a 2 ,a 3 ,a 4 )) belonging to a PPM modulation constellation or a PPM-PAM composite modulation constellation with a number of time positions greater than or equal to 3, into a sequence of vectors (c 1   0 ,c 2   0 ,c 1   1 ,c 2   1 ), the components of a vector being intended to modulate a UWB pulse signal for a radiation element of said system and for a given transmission interval (T f ). A first and a second of said vectors are obtained by means of a first linear combination of a first and a second pair of said symbols, and a third and a fourth of said vectors are obtained by means of a second linear combination of said first and second pairs of said symbols, the first and the second linear combinations using scalar coefficients ({tilde over (α)}, {tilde over (β)}, −{tilde over (β)}, {tilde over (α)}) of which the corresponding ratios are approximately equal to the Golden number and to its opposite, the components of one of said vectors also being permuted according to a cyclic permutation prior to modulating said pulse UWB signal.

TECHNICAL DOMAIN

This invention relates equally to the domain of Ultra Wide Band UWBtelecommunications and multi-antenna Space Time Coding (STC) systems.

STATE OF PRIOR ART

Wireless telecommunication systems of the multi-antenna type are wellknown in the state of the art. These systems use a plurality of emissionand/or reception antennas and, depending on the adopted configurationtype, are referred to as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), MISO(Multiple Input Single Output) or SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output).We will subsequently use this term MIMO to cover the above-mentionedMIMO and MISO variants. The use of spatial diversity in emission and/orin reception enables these systems to offer much better channelcapacities than conventional single-antenna systems (SISO for SingleInput Single Output). This spatial diversity is usually completed bytime diversity by means of space-time coding. In such coding, aninformation symbol to be transmitted is coded on several antennas and atseveral transmission instants. Two main categories of MIMO systems withspace-time coding are known, firstly Space Time Trellis Coding (STTC)systems and Space Time Block Coding (STBC) systems. In a trellis codingsystem, the space-time encoder may be seen as a finite state machinesupplying P transmission symbols to P antennas as a function of thecurrent state and the information symbol to be coded. Decoding onreception is done by a multi-dimensional Viterbi algorithm for which thecomplexity increases exponentially as a function of the number ofstates. In a block coding system, an information symbol block to betransmitted is coded in a transmission symbol matrix, one dimension ofthe matrix corresponding to the number of antennas and the othercorresponding to consecutive transmission instants.

FIG. 1 diagrammatically shows a MIMO transmission system 100 with STBCcoding. An information symbol block s=(a₁, . . . ,a_(b)), for example abinary word with b bits or more generally b M-ary symbols, is coded as aspace-time matrix:

$\begin{matrix}{C = \begin{pmatrix}c_{1,1} & c_{1,2} & \ldots & c_{1,P} \\c_{2,1} & c_{2,2} & \ldots & c_{2,P} \\\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\c_{T,1} & c_{T,2} & \ldots & c_{T,P}\end{pmatrix}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

in which the coefficients c_(t,p), t=1, . . . ,T; p=1, . . . ,P of thecode are usually complex coefficients depending on information symbols,P is the number of antennas used for the emission, T is an integernumber indicating the time extension of the code, in other words thenumber of channel use instants or PCUs (Per Channel Use).

The function ƒ that makes an information symbol vector S to correspondto a space-time code word C is called the coding function. If thefunction ƒ is linear, the space-time code is said to be linear. If thecoefficients c_(t,p), are real, the space-time code is said to be real.

In FIG. 1, a space-time encoder is denoted 110. At each channel useinstant t, the encoder provides the multiplexer 120 with the t-th rowvector of the matrix C. The multiplexer transmits the coefficients ofthe row vector to the modulators 130 ₁, . . . ,130 _(P) and themodulated signals are transmitted by the antennas 140 ₁, . . . ,140_(P).

The space-time code is characterized by its rate, in other words by thenumber of information symbols that it transmits per channel use (PCU).The code is said to be at full rate if it is P times higher than therate relative to a single antenna use (SISO).

The space-time code is also characterized by its diversity which can bedefined as the rank of the matrix C. There will be a maximum diversityif the matrix C₁-C₂ is full rank for two arbitrary code words C₁ and C₂corresponding to two vectors S₁ and S₂.

Finally, the space-time code is characterized by its coding gain thatgives the minimum distance between different code words. It can bedefined as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{\min\limits_{C_{1} \neq C_{2}}{\det \left( {\left( {C_{1} - C_{2}} \right)^{H}\left( {C_{1} - C_{2}} \right)} \right)}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

or, equivalently, for a linear code:

$\begin{matrix}{\min\limits_{C \neq 0}{\det \left( {C^{H}C} \right)}} & (3)\end{matrix}$

where det(C) refers to the determinant of C and C^(H) is the conjugatetranspose matrix of C. The code gain for a given transmission energy perinformation symbol, is bounded.

A space-time code will be all the more resistant to vanishing as itscoding gain is high.

One of the first examples of space-time coding for a MIMO system withtwo transmission antennas was proposed in the article by J-C Belfiore etal entitled <<The Golden code: a 2×2 full-rate space-time code withnon-vanishing determinants>>, published in the IEEE Transactions onInformation Theory, vol. 51, No. 4, pages 1432-1436, April 2005.

The proposed code, called the Golden code, is based on a doublealgebraic extension K of the field of rational numbers Q:K=Q(i,θ) wherei=√{square root over (−1)} is the root of the polynomial X²+1 and θ isthe Golden number

${\theta = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}},$

root of the polynomial X²−X−1. The Golden code can be represented by thefollowing matrix:

$\begin{matrix}{C_{gold} = \begin{pmatrix}{\alpha \left( {a_{1} + {\theta \; a_{2}}} \right)} & {\alpha \left( {a_{3} + {\theta \; a_{4}}} \right)} \\{{\alpha}_{1}\left( {a_{3} + {\theta_{1}a_{4}}} \right)} & {\alpha_{1}\left( {a_{1} + {\theta_{1}a_{2}}} \right)}\end{pmatrix}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

where S=(a₁,a₂,a₃,a₄) is a vector of information symbols. a₁,a₂,a₃,a₄are complex symbols of a constellation 2^(b)-QAM, sub-set of Z[i] whereZ is the ring of integers.

$\theta_{1} = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}$

is the conjugated root of θ, α=1+i(1−θ)) and α₁=1+i(1−θ₁).

The Golden code has the advantage of having maximum diversity and fullrate in the sense defined above. It also has the highest coding gainthat has been obtained so far.

Considerable research is now being carried out in anothertelecommunications domain, namely UWB telecommunication systems that areparticularly promising for the development of future wireless personalnetworks (WPAN). These systems are specific in that they directlyoperate in baseband with ultra wide band signals. A UWB signal usuallymeans a signal conforming with the spectral mask stipulated in the FCCFeb. 14, 2002 regulations revised March 2005, in other words essentiallya signal in the spectral band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and with a bandwidthof at least 500 MHz at −10 dB. In practice, two types of UWB signals areknown, multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) signals and UWB pulse signals. We willbe interested only in UWB pulse signals in the following description.

A pulse UWB signal is composed of very short pulses, typically of theorder of a few hundred picoseconds distributed within a frame. Adistinct Time Hopping (TH) code is assigned to each user, to reduceMultiple Access Interference (MAI). The signal output from or destinedto a user k can then be written in the following form:

$\begin{matrix}{{s_{k}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{w\left( {t - {nT}_{s} - {{c_{k}(n)}T_{c}}} \right)}}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

where w is the shape of the elementary pulse, T_(c) is a chip duration,T_(s) is the duration of an elementary interval with N_(s)=N_(c)T_(c),where N_(c) is the number of chips in an interval, the total frameduration being T_(f)=N_(s)T_(s) where N_(c) is the number of intervalsin the frame. The duration of the elementary pulse is chosen to be lessthan the chip duration, namely T_(w)≦T_(c). The sequence c_(k)(n) forn=0, . . . ,N_(s)−1 defines the time hopping code of the user k. Timehopping sequences are chosen to minimize the number of collisionsbetween pulses belonging to time hopping sequences of different users.

FIG. 2A shows a TH-UWB signal associated with a user k. Usually theTH-UWB signal is modulated by PPM (Pulse Position Modulation) so as totransmit a given information symbol from or to a user k, namely themodulated signal can be expressed as:

$\begin{matrix}{{s_{k}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{w\left( {t - {nT}_{s} - {{c_{k}(n)}T_{c}} - {d_{k}ɛ}} \right)}}} & (6)\end{matrix}$

where ε is a dither significantly smaller than the chip duration T_(c)and d_(k)ε{0, . . . ,M−1} is the M-ary PPM position of the symbol.

Alternately, information symbols can be transmitted using an amplitudemodulation (PAM). In this case, the modulated signal can be written asfollows:

$\begin{matrix}{{s_{k}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{a^{(k)} \cdot {w\left( {t - {nT}_{s} - {{c_{k}(n)}T_{c}}} \right)}}}} & (7)\end{matrix}$

in which a^((k))=2m′−1−M′ where m′=1, . . . ,M′, and a^((k)) is theM-ary symbol of the PAM modulation. For example, we could use a BPSKmodulation (M′=2).

The PPM and PAM modulations can also be combined into a compositeM.M′-ary modulation. The general expression of the modulated signal isthen as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{s_{k}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{a_{m}^{(k)} \cdot {w\left( {t - {nT}_{s} - {{c_{k}(n)}T_{c}} - {m\; ɛ}} \right)}}}}} & (8)\end{matrix}$

The alphabet for this modulation of cardinal M.M′ is shown in FIG. 3.There are M′ possible modulation amplitudes for each of the M temporalpositions. A symbol (d,a) of the alphabet can be represented by asequence a_(m), m=0, . . . ,M−1 in which a_(m)=δ(m-d)a and d is aposition of the PPM modulation, a is a PAM modulation amplitude and δ(.)is the Dirac distribution.

Instead of separating different users by time hopping codes, it is alsopossible to separate them by orthogonal codes, for example Hadamardcodes as in DS-CDMA. We then talk about DS-UWB (Direct Spread UWB). Inthis case, we obtain the following expression for the unmodulated signalcorresponding to (5):

$\begin{matrix}{{s_{k}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{b_{n}^{(k)}{w\left( {t - {nT}_{s}} \right)}}}} & (9)\end{matrix}$

where b_(n) ^((k)), n=0, . . . ,N_(s)−1 is the spreading sequence forthe user k. Note that the expression (9) is similar to the expression ofa conventional DS-CDMA signal. However, it differs in the fact that thechips do not occupy the entire frame, but are distributed at periodT_(s). FIG. 2B shows a DS-UWB signal associated with a user k.

As before, the information symbols may be transmitted using a PPMmodulation, a PAM modulation or a composite PPM-PAM modulation. Theamplitude modulated DS-UWB signal (7) corresponding to the TH-AWB signal(7) may be expressed as follows, using the same notation:

$\begin{matrix}{{s_{k}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{a^{(k)}{b_{n}^{(k)} \cdot {w\left( {t - {nT}_{s}} \right)}}}}} & (10)\end{matrix}$

Finally, it is known that time hops and spectral spreading codes can becombined to offer multiple access to the different users. The result isthus a TH-DS-UWB pulse UWB signal with the following general form:

$\begin{matrix}{{s_{k}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{b_{n}^{(k)} \cdot {w\left( {t - {nT}_{s} - {{c_{k}(n)}T_{c}}} \right)}}}} & (11)\end{matrix}$

FIG. 2C shows a TH-DS-UWB signal associated with a user k. This signalmay be modulated by an M.M′-ary PPM-PAM composite modulation. The resultfor the modulated signal is then the following:

$\begin{matrix}{{s_{k}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{a_{m}^{(k)}{b_{n}^{(k)} \cdot {w\left( {t - {nT}_{s} - {{c_{k}(n)}T_{c}} - {m\; ɛ}} \right)}}}}}} & (12)\end{matrix}$

It is known from the state-of-the-art to use UWB signals in MIMOsystems. In this case, each antenna transmits a UWB signal modulated asa function of an information symbol or a block of such symbols (STBC).

Space-time coding techniques initially developed for narrow band signalsor for DS-CDMA are not suitable for pulse UWB signals. Indeed, knownspace-time codes such as the Golden code usually have complexcoefficients and consequently carry phase information. It is extremelydifficult to retrieve this phase information in a signal with a band aswide as the band of pulse UWB signals. The very narrow pulse timesupport is much more suitable for a position (PPM) or amplitude (PAM)modulation.

A space-time code for UWB signals has been proposed in the article byChadi Abou-Rjeily et al. entitled <<Space-Time coding for multi-userUltra-Wideband communications>>submitted for publication in IEEETransactions on Communications, September 2005 and available atwww.tsi.enst.fr.

In accordance with the constraints mentioned above, the proposedspace-time code is real. For example, for a configuration with twotransmitting antennas, the code can be written as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{C = \begin{pmatrix}{\beta \left( {a_{1} + {\theta \; a_{2}}} \right)} & {\sqrt{2}{\beta \left( {a_{3} + {\theta \; a_{4}}} \right)}} \\{\sqrt{2}{\beta_{1}\left( {a_{3} + {\theta_{1}a_{4}}} \right)}} & {\beta_{1}\left( {a_{1} + {\theta_{1}a_{2}}} \right)}\end{pmatrix}} & (13)\end{matrix}$

where

${\beta = {{\frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \theta^{2}}}\mspace{14mu} {and}\mspace{14mu} \beta_{1}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \theta_{1}^{2}}}}};$

S=(a₁,a₂,a₃,a₄) is a vector of PAM information symbols, namelya_(i)ε{−M′+1, . . . ,M′−1}.

The same article suggests how this space-time code can be generalizedfor coding a block of information symbols belonging to a PPM-PAMalphabet. For a configuration with two transmission antennas, this codecan be expressed by a matrix with size 2M×2:

$\begin{matrix}{C = \begin{pmatrix}{\beta \left( {a_{1,0} + {\theta \; a_{2,0}}} \right)} & {\sqrt{2}{\beta \left( {a_{3,0} + {\theta \; a_{4,0}}} \right)}} \\\vdots & \vdots \\{\beta \left( {a_{1,{M - 1}} + {\theta \; a_{2,{M - 1}}}} \right)} & {\sqrt{2}{\beta \left( {a_{3,{M - 1}} + {\theta \; a_{4,{M - 1}}}} \right)}} \\{\sqrt{2}{\beta_{1}\left( {a_{3,0} + {\theta_{1}a_{4,0}}} \right)}} & {\beta_{1}\left( {a_{1,0} + {\theta_{1}a_{2,0}}} \right)} \\\vdots & \vdots \\{\sqrt{2}{\beta_{1}\left( {a_{3,{M - 1}} + {\theta_{1}a_{4,{M - 1}}}} \right)}} & {\beta_{1}\left( {a_{1,{M - 1}} + {\theta_{1}a_{2,{M - 1}}}} \right)}\end{pmatrix}} & (14)\end{matrix}$

Here, each information symbol a_(i)=(a_(i,0), . . . ,a_(i,M-1)) is avector representing an element of the PPM-PAM alphabet wherea_(i,m)=a_(i)δ(m-d_(i)), and where a_(i) is an element of the PAMalphabet and d_(i) is an element of the PPM alphabet. Therefore, theblock of information symbols coded using the code C is simplyS=(a₁,a₂,a₃,a₄).

More precisely, the block of information symbols S generates UWB signalsaccording to the expressions given further below. To simplify thenotation, we have assumed use by a single user (no indexing by k, andhence no spreading sequence).

Antenna 1 transmits the following signal during the first frame T_(f):

$\begin{matrix}{{s^{1}(t)} = {\beta {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{\left( {a_{1,m} + {\theta \; a_{2,m}}} \right){w\left( {t - {nT}_{s} - {{c(n)}T_{c}} - {m\; ɛ}} \right)}}}}}} & (15)\end{matrix}$

this signal corresponds to the first column vector of the first M rowsof the code (14).

Antenna 2 simultaneously transmits the following signal during the firstframe T_(f):

$\begin{matrix}{{s^{2}(t)} = {\beta \sqrt{2}{\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{\left( {a_{3,m} + {\theta \; a_{4,m}}} \right){w\left( {t - {n\; T_{s}} - {{c(n)}T_{c}} - {m\; ɛ}} \right)}}}}}} & (16)\end{matrix}$

this signal corresponds to the second column vector of the first M rowsof the code.

Antenna 1 then transmits the following signal during the second frame,once again taking account of the time origin at the beginning of theframe:

$\begin{matrix}{{s^{1}(t)} = {\beta_{1}\sqrt{2}{\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{\left( {a_{3,m} + {\theta \; a_{4,m}}} \right){w\left( {t - {n\; T_{s}} - {{c(n)}T_{c}} - {m\; ɛ}} \right)}}}}}} & (17)\end{matrix}$

this signal corresponds to the first column vector of the last M rows ofthe code.

Finally, antenna 2 simultaneously transmits the following signal duringthe second frame:

$\begin{matrix}{{s^{2}(t)} = {\beta_{1}{\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{\left( {a_{1,m} + {\theta \; a_{2,m}}} \right){w\left( {t - {n\; T_{s}} - {{c(n)}T_{c}} - {m\; ɛ}} \right)}}}}}} & (18)\end{matrix}$

this signal corresponds to the second column vector of the last M rowsof the code.

The space-time code defined above has very good performances in terms ofdiversity. However, its coding gain is lower than the coding gain of theGolden code defined in (4). Furthermore, the scalar term √{square rootover (2)} appearing in the matrix (14) creates an energy unbalancebetween the antennas in each frame.

The purpose of this invention is to propose a space-real time code for aMIMO system with pulse UWB signals that has a higher gain than knowncodes for such systems, and particularly the code defined by (14). Asecond purpose of this invention is to propose a space-time code with abalanced energy distribution between the antennas in each frame.

Presentation of the Invention

This invention is defined by a space-time coding method for a UWBtransmission system comprising two radiation elements, said methodcoding a block of information symbols (S=(a₁,a₂,a₃,a₄)) belonging to aPPM modulation constellation or a PPM-PAM composite modulationconstellation with a number of time positions greater than or equal to3, into a sequence of vectors (c₁ ⁰,c₂ ⁰,c₁ ¹,c₂ ¹), components of avector being intended to modulate a UWB pulse signal for a radiationelement of said system and for a given transmission interval (T_(f)).According to this method, a first and a second of said vectors areobtained by means of a first linear combination of a first and a secondpair of said symbols, and a third and a fourth of said vectors areobtained by means of a second linear combination of said first andsecond pairs of said symbols, the first and second linear combinationsusing scalar coefficients ({tilde over (α)}, {tilde over (β)}, −{tildeover (β)}, {tilde over (α)}), the corresponding ratios of which areapproximately equal to the Golden number and to its opposite, thecomponents of one of said vectors also being permuted according to acyclic permutation before said pulse UWB signal is modulated.

This invention is also defined by a space-time coding system toimplement said method. To do this, the system comprises:

-   -   input memory elements to store four information symbols, each        information symbol being composed of M components where M≧3,        where each component can take M′ possible values with M′≧1;    -   a first plurality of first modules each receiving a component of        a first information symbol and a component of the same rank of a        second information symbol, each module performing said first and        second linear combinations of said components to provide a first        and a second output value;    -   a second plurality of second modules, each receiving a component        of a third information symbol and a component of the same rank        of a fourth information symbol, each module performing said        first and second linear combinations of said components to        provide a first and a second output value;    -   output memory elements to store the first and second output        values of the first and second modules respectively;    -   means for permuting write or read addresses of one of the output        elements according to a cyclic permutation of order M.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will become clearafter reading a preferred embodiment of the invention with reference tothe attached figures among which:

FIG. 1 diagrammatically represents a MIMO transmission system with STBCcoding known in the state of the art;

FIGS. 2A to 2C show the corresponding shapes of TH-UWB, DS-UWB andTH-DS-UWB signals;

FIG. 3 shows an example constellation of a PPM-PAM modulation;

FIG. 4 diagrammatically shows a MIMO transmission system using thespace-time coding according to the invention;

FIG. 5 diagrammatically shows the structure of a space-time encoderaccording to one embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 diagrammatically shows the structure of an elementary moduleuseful for implementing the space-time encoder in FIG. 5.

DETAILED PRESENTATION OF PARTICULAR EMBODIMENTS

The basic concept of the invention is to create a space-time code notrequiring the use of complex values α and α₁ appearing in the Goldencode (4), that, as has been mentioned, are incompatible with the use ofpulse UWB signals, and without the √{square root over (2)} scalar valuesappearing in codes (13) and (14), at the origin of an unbalanceddistribution of energy on the antennas.

The disclosed space-time code is applicable to MIMO systems with twotransmission antennas using pulse UWB signals in which informationsymbols are modulated using a PPM-PAM modulation where M≧3, and where Mas defined above is the cardinal of the PPM modulation. The man skilledin the art will clearly understand that this type of modulation includesin particular PPM modulations with M≧3. The proposed code is representedby the 2M×2 size matrix, where M is the cardinal of the PPM modulationas above:

$\begin{matrix}{C = \begin{pmatrix}{{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{2}}} & {{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{4}}} \\{\Omega \left( {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{4}}} \right)} & {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{2}}}\end{pmatrix}} & (19)\end{matrix}$

where

${\overset{\sim}{\alpha} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + \theta^{2}}}};\mspace{14mu} {\overset{\sim}{\beta} = \frac{\theta}{\sqrt{1 + \theta^{2}}}};\mspace{14mu} {\theta = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}};$

a_(i)=(a_(i,0), . . . ,a_(i,M-1)) being information symbols as above andΩ is a cyclic permutation matrix with size M×M. For example, Ω is asimple circular shift:

$\begin{matrix}{\Omega = {\begin{pmatrix}0_{{1 \times M} - 1} & 1 \\I_{M - {1 \times M} - 1} & 0_{M - {1 \times 1}}\end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix}0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 1 \\1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 \\0 & 1 & 0 & \ddots & \vdots \\\vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & 0 \\0 & \ldots & 0 & 1 & 0\end{pmatrix}}} & (20)\end{matrix}$

where I_(M-1×M-1) is the unit matrix size M−1, 0_(1×M-1) is the null rowvector with size M−1, 0_(M-1×1) is the null column vector with size M−1.

As can be seen, the matrix C is real and there is no asymmetricweighting depending on the antennas. It can be written more explicitly:

$\begin{matrix}{C = \begin{pmatrix}{{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{1,0}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{2,0}}} & {{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{3,0}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{4,0}}} \\{{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{1,1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{2,1}}} & {{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{3,1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{4,1}}} \\\vdots & \vdots \\{{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{1,{M - 1}}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{2,{M - 1}}}} & {{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{3,{M - 1}}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{4,{M - 1}}}} \\{{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{3,{M - 1}}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{4,{M - 1}}}} & {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{1,0}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{2,0}}} \\{{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{3,0}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{4,0}}} & {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{1,1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{2,1}}} \\\vdots & \vdots \\{{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{3,{M - 2}}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{4,{M - 2}}}} & {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{1,{M - 1}}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{2,{M - 1}}}}\end{pmatrix}} & (21)\end{matrix}$

Expression (21) shows that the effect of multiplication by the matrix Ωresults in a cyclic permutation on the first column vector of the last Mrows of the matrix C. Thus, although the chronological order of the PPMpositions during the first frame (first M rows of C) is identical forboth antennas, the PPM positions relative to the a₃,a₄ symbols for thesecond frame (last M rows of C) are circularly permuted with respect tothe PPM positions of symbols a₁,a₂. In the example given, cyclicpermutation is a simple circular shift. In other words, everything takesplace as if the PPM-PAM constellation of symbols a₃,a₄ as shown in FIG.3 had been cyclically rotated by one position towards the right, duringthe second frame.

In general, the matrix Ω is a cyclic permutation matrix of order M. WhenM≧3, this matrix cannot be reduced to a simple transposition.Expressions (15) to (18) giving UWB signals generated by the twoantennas during the first and second frames, should then be replaced byexpressions (21) to (24) given below:

First Frame:

$\begin{matrix}{{s^{1}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{\left( {{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{1,m}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{2,m}}} \right){w\left( {t - {n\; T_{s}} - {{c(n)}T_{c}} - {m\; ɛ}} \right)}}}}} & (21) \\{{s^{2}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{\left( {{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{3,m}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{4,m}}} \right){w\left( {t - {n\; T_{s}} - {{c(n)}T_{c}} - {m\; ɛ}} \right)}}}}} & (22)\end{matrix}$

Second Frame:

$\begin{matrix}{{s^{1}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{\left( {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{3,{\sigma {(m)}}}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{4,{\sigma {(m)}}}}} \right){w\left( {t - {n\; T_{s}} - {{c(n)}T_{c}} - {m\; ɛ}} \right)}}}}} & (23) \\{{s^{2}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N_{s} - 1}{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{\left( {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{1,m}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{2,m}}} \right){w\left( {t - {n\; T_{s}} - {{c(n)}T_{c}} - {m\; ɛ}} \right)}}}}} & (24)\end{matrix}$

where σ is a cyclic permutation of the set {0,1, . . . ,M−1}.

The matrix Ω of the proposed code may be a cyclic permutation associatedwith a sign change of any one or a plurality of its elements. In thecase of the example given in (20), the matrices:

$\begin{matrix}{\Omega = \begin{pmatrix}0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & \chi_{0} \\\chi_{1} & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 \\0 & \chi_{2} & 0 & \ddots & \vdots \\\vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & 0 \\0 & \ldots & 0 & \chi_{M - 1} & 0\end{pmatrix}} & (25)\end{matrix}$

Where X_(i)=±1, may also be used in the C code according to theinvention. It will be noted that cyclic permutation associated with asign inversion is equivalent to making a cyclic rotation on thepositions and symmetry with respect to the zero amplitude axis of thePAM constellation for the positions concerned by this inversion, in thePPM-PAM constellation (see FIG. 3).

The following variants could also be used as an alternative to thespace-time code defined by (19):

$\begin{matrix}{C = \begin{pmatrix}{{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{2}}} & {{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{4}}} \\{\Omega\left( {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{4}}} \right)} & {{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{2}}}\end{pmatrix}} & (26) \\{C = \begin{pmatrix}{{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{2}}} & {\Omega\left( {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{4}}} \right)} \\{{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{4}}} & {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{2}}}\end{pmatrix}} & (27) \\{C = \begin{pmatrix}{{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{2}}} & {\Omega\left( {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{4}}} \right)} \\{{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{4}}} & {{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{2}}}\end{pmatrix}} & (28)\end{matrix}$

these variants being obtained by permutation of the diagonal and/oranti-diagonal column vectors M×1 of (19).

Obviously, for matrices (26),(27),(28), the matrix Ω may have the samevariants as are envisaged for (19), namely a cyclic permutation that mayor may not be associated with a sign inversion of one or a plurality ofits elements.

It is also important to note that, regardless of the envisaged form ofthe code (19),(26),(27),(28), any permutation on the indexes of thea_(i) symbols is again a space-time code according to the invention,because such a permutation amounts to a simple time rearrangement withinthe block S=(a₁,a₂,a₃,a₄).

Finally, the ratio between the {tilde over (α)} and {tilde over (β)}coefficients of the matrix C is equal to the Golden number and is suchthat {tilde over (α)}²+{tilde over (β)}²=1 (energy gain equal to 1). Itis clear that in keeping this value of the ratio, homothetic values of{tilde over (α)} and {tilde over (β)} will also lead to a space-timecode according to the invention. In practice, the {tilde over (α)} and{tilde over (β)} coefficients are quantized in digital form, which givesa slightly different ratio from the Golden number. It can be shown thata difference in this ratio equal to ±10% around the Golden number wouldnot significantly affect the performances of the space-time code. In thefollowing, when we refer to a ratio substantially equal to the Goldennumber, we mean a ratio within this variation range.

Regardless of the envisaged form of the code (19), (26),(27),(28), thiscode makes it possible to transmit four information symbols on twoantennas for two uses of the channel. Consequently, it operates at fullspeed. It could also be shown that the code has maximum diversity forM≧3, ∀M′≧1 and that furthermore, the coding gain is optimum in thefollowing cases:

(a) M′=1 and M≧3, in other words for the 3-PPM, 4-PPM modulations etc.

(b) M≧4, ∀M′≧1.

FIG. 4 shows an example of a transmission system using the space-timecoding according to the invention.

The system 400 receives information symbols by block S=(a₁,a₂,a₃,a₄)where values a_(i) are symbols of a PPM-PAM constellation. Alternately,the information symbols may originate from another M.M′-aryconstellation provided that they are mapped into symbols of the PPM-PAMconstellation. Obviously, information symbols may originate from one ora plurality of operations well known to those skilled in the art such assource coding, convolution type channel coding, block coding or evenserial or parallel turbocoding, interleaving, etc.

The information symbols block is then subjected to a coding operation inthe space-time encoder 410. More precisely, the module 410 calculatesthe coefficients of the matrix C according one of the expressions(14),(26),(27),(28) or variants thereof. The two column vectors c₁ ⁰,c₂⁰ composed of the first M rows of C are transmitted to the UWBmodulators 420 and 425 respectively for the first frame, and then thetwo column vectors c₁ ¹,c₂ ¹ composed of the M last rows of C, for thesecond frame. The upper index indicates here the frame and the lowerindex indicates the radiating element 430 or 435. The UWB modulator 420generates the corresponding modulated UWB pulse signals from the vectorsc₁ ⁰,c₁ ¹. Similarly, the UWB modulator 425 generates the correspondingmodulated UWB pulse signals from the c₂ ⁰,c₂ ¹ vectors. For example, ifthe space-time coding matrix (19) is used as shown in the figure, theUWB modulator 420 will provide the signals (21) and (23) one after theother while the UWB modulator 425 will provide the signals (22) and (24)one after the other. In general, the pulse UWB signals acting as asupport for the modulation may be of the TH-UWB, DS-UWB or TH-DS-UWBtype. The pulse UWB signals thus modulated are then forwarded to theradiation elements 430 and 435. These radiation elements may be UWBantennas or laser diodes (LEDs), for example operating in the infraredrange, associated with electro-optic modulators. The proposedtransmission system can then be used for wireless opticaltelecommunications purposes.

FIG. 5 shows an advantageous embodiment of the space-time encoder 410 inFIG. 4. The encoder uses an elementary module 520 or 525 with two inputsand two outputs performing the following linear operation:

X={tilde over (α)}x+{tilde over (β)}y

Y=−{tilde over (β)}x+{tilde over (α)}y  (29)

in which all values are scalar; x,y are input values and X,Y are outputvalues.

An example module 520, 525 is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 6. Themodules 520, 525 may be composed of multipliers and adders wired asindicated or made using micro-sequenced operations.

The space-time encoder comprises a number 2M of such elementary modulesoperating in parallel. According to one variant embodiment not shown,the space-time encoder may also simply contain a sub-multiple of these2M modules, the data presented in input and the data supplied in outputthen being multiplexed and demultiplexed respectively in time.

Components of vectors a₁,a₂,a₃,a₄ are stored in input in the buffers510. Elementary modules 520 performing the operation (29) on the Mcomponents of the vectors a₁,a₂ and the elementary modules 525 performthe same operation on the components of vectors a₃,a₄.

Column vectors c₁ ⁰,c₂ ⁰ and c₁ ¹,c₂ ¹ related to the first and secondframe respectively are stored in the output buffers 530.

FIG. 5 shows the case in which the space-time coding is in the form(19). The values X and Y at the output from the elementary modules 520are written in the buffers 530 of c₁ ⁰ and c₂ ¹ respectively. The valuesX and Y at the output from the elementary modules 525 are written inbuffers 530 of c₂ ⁰ and c₁ ¹ respectively. Obviously, the use of atemporal coding of the type (26),(27) or (28) would lead to writing inpermuted buffers. In the case shown in FIG. 5, the values X, Y arewritten in the output buffers of c₁ ⁰,c₂ ⁰ and c₂ ¹ in the same order ascomponents of vectors a₁,a₂,a₃,a₄ are written. On the other hand,writing into buffer 530 of c₁ ¹ takes place using addresses permuted bythe cyclic permutation σ. According to one variant embodiment not shown,writing into the buffer of c₁ ¹ also takes place in the same order asthe components of the vectors a₁,a₂,a₃,a₄ but reading takes place usingaddresses permuted by σ⁻¹. In both cases, the addressing means aredesigned to permute write or read addresses at the input or output ofthe buffer 530.

If there are any sign inversions in the matrix Ω, they may be taken intoaccount by changing the sign of {tilde over (α)} and/or {tilde over (β)}within the modules 525 related to the component(s) concerned.

The UWB signals transmitted by the system shown in FIG. 4 may beprocessed conventionally by a multi-antenna receiver. For example, thereceiver may comprise a Rake type correlation stage followed by adecision stage, for example using a sphere decoder known to thoseskilled in the art.

1. Space-time coding method for a UWB transmission system comprising tworadiation elements, said method coding a block of information symbols(S=(a₁,a₂,a₃,a₄)) belonging to a PPM modulation constellation or aPPM-PAM composite modulation constellation with a number of timepositions greater than or equal to 3, into a sequence of vectors (c₁⁰,c₂ ⁰,c₁ ¹,c₂ ¹), the components of a vector being intended to modulatea UWB pulse signal for a radiation element of said system and for agiven transmission interval (T_(f)), characterised in that a first and asecond of said vectors are obtained by means of a first linearcombination of a first and a second pair of said symbols, and in that athird and a fourth of said vectors are obtained by means of a secondlinear combination of said first and second pairs of said symbols, thefirst and the second linear combinations using scalar coefficients({tilde over (α)}, {tilde over (β)}, −{tilde over (β)}, {tilde over(α)}), of which the corresponding ratios are approximately equal to theGolden number and to its opposite, the components of one of said vectorsalso being permuted according to a cyclic permutation prior tomodulating said pulse UWB signal.
 2. Space-time coding method accordingto claim 1, characterised in that said vector having been subject tosaid cyclic permutation is subject to a sign inversion of one or aplurality of its components prior to modulating said pulse UWB signal.3. Space-time coding method according to claim 1, characterised in thatsaid vectors are defined by M×1 block components of the matrix with size2M×2: $C = \begin{pmatrix}{{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{2}}} & {{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{4}}} \\{\Omega \left( {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{4}}} \right)} & {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{2}}}\end{pmatrix}$ or by M×1 block components of the matrix with size 2M×2:$C = \begin{pmatrix}{{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{2}}} & {{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{4}}} \\{\Omega\left( {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{4}}} \right)} & {{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{2}}}\end{pmatrix}$ or by M×1 block components of the matrix with size 2M×2:$C = \begin{pmatrix}{{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{2}}} & {\Omega\left( {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{4}}} \right)} \\{{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{4}}} & {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{2}}}\end{pmatrix}$ or also by M×1 block components of the matrix with size2M×2: $C = \begin{pmatrix}{{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{2}}} & {\Omega\left( {{{- \overset{\sim}{\beta}}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{4}}} \right)} \\{{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{3}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{4}}} & {{\overset{\sim}{\alpha}a_{1}} + {\overset{\sim}{\beta}a_{2}}}\end{pmatrix}$ in which a₁,a₂,a₃,a₄ are said information symbols, {tildeover (α)},{tilde over (β)} are the scalar coefficients of said firstlinear combination, −{tilde over (β)},{tilde over (α)} are the scalarcoefficients of said second linear combination, M is the order of thePPM modulation and Ω is an M×M cyclic permutation matrix, subjected ornot to a sign inversion of one or a plurality of its coefficients(X_(i)).
 4. Method for transmitting a plurality of information symbolsbelonging to a PPM modulation constellation or a PPM-PAM compositemodulation constellation having a number of time positions greater thanor equal to 3, characterised in that said information symbols are codedusing the space-time coding system according to one of the previousclaims to supply said first, second, third and fourth vectors, thecomponents of each of these vectors modulating the position or theposition and amplitude of pulses forming a pulse UWB signal to obtainfour modulated pulse UWB signals, these four signals being transmittedby a first and a second radiation element during a first and a secondtransmission interval respectively.
 5. Transmission method according toclaim 4, characterised in that radiation elements are UWB antennas. 6.Transmission method according to claim 4, characterised in thatradiation elements are laser diodes or light emitting diodes.
 7. Methodaccording to one of claims 4 to 6 characterised in that said pulse UWBsignal is a TH-UWB signal.
 8. Method according to one of claims 4 to 6characterised in that said pulse UWB signal is a DS-UWB signal. 9.Method according to one of claims 4 to 6 characterised in that saidpulse UWB signal is a TH-DS-UWB signal.
 10. Space-time coding system toimplement the method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterised inthat it comprises: input memory elements (510) to store four informationsymbols, each information symbol being composed of M components whereM≧3, each component having M′ possible values where M′≧1; a firstplurality of first modules (520) each receiving a component of a firstinformation symbol and a component of the same rank of a secondinformation symbol, each module performing said first and second linearcombinations of said components to provide a first and a second outputvalue; a second plurality of second modules (525) each receiving acomponent of a third information symbol and a component of the same rankof a fourth information symbol, each module performing said first andsecond linear combinations of said components to provide a first and asecond output value; output memory elements (530) to store the first andsecond output values of the first and second modules respectively; meansfor permuting write or read addresses of one of the output elementsaccording to a cyclic permutation of order M.